Migrating Monarchs
Written by: Tracy Fuentes
Illustrated by: Dr. Biology

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Cultural generation: all of the individuals born at about the same time.

Larva: the second, "worm-like" stage in the life cycle of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis (like caterpillars).

Life cycle: the sequence of all stages through which an organism passes - going from egg to adult.

Migration: movement of an animal or a group of animals from one place to another.

Milkweed: plant with milky sap that monarch larvae eat.

Nectar: sugary liquid made by flowers.

monarchs in tree

Monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico.

Monarch Butterfly Migration

Thousands of orange and black shapes flutter through the trees. They carpet the ground, making walking difficult. As you look up, so many of them hang from the trees that the branches bend under their weight. Welcome to one of the few wintering homes of the monarch butterfly.

During the summer, millions of monarchs live in southern Canada and the United States. In September, the adults prepare to migrate. They form huge flocks, just as some birds do. Moving between 10 and 15 miles a day, the flock eventually reaches its winter home in one or two months, depending on how far it has to fly.

Not all flocks winter in the same place. Butterflies that live west of the Rocky Mountains fly to the central coast of California. Butterflies that live east of the Rocky Mountains fly south to Mexico.

Although scientists knew about the California wintering grounds, they had no idea where the Mexican wintering grounds were. Fred Urquhart, a scientist at the University of Toronto, finally figured out where the butterflies were going. He glued tiny labels and instructions to return the labels onto the wings of monarchs. He was able to track the butterfly route using the labels that people returned to him. Eventually, he received labels from the wintering grounds.

Of course, the people in towns and villages near the wintering grounds knew that the butterflies were there all along. No one else had asked them before.

monarch butterflies

Monarch butterflies stop for a sip of nectar.

Monarch Butterfly Life Cycle

Because they migrate, monarchs complete different parts of their life cycle in different parts of North America. The monarchs that you see in any particular area are from several generations that hatched at different times in different places.

Male and female monarchs begin mating in their wintering grounds. The females lay up to 3 eggs on the underside of milkweed leaves that they find as they return to their summer range. The newly laid eggs hatch into hungry larva that eat and eat.

The plant foods that larvae and adults eat are very different. Monarch larvae only eat the leaves of plants in the milkweed family. Adult butterflies are much less choosy. They will sip nectar from many different kinds of flowers.

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Bibliographic details:

  • Article: Migrating Monarchs
  • Author(s): Tracy Fuentes
  • Publisher: Arizona State University School of Life Sciences Ask A Biologist
  • Site name: ASU - Ask A Biologist
  • Date published: August 12, 2009
  • Date accessed: March 6, 2024
  • Link: https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/migrating-monarch

APA Style

Tracy Fuentes. (2009, August 12). Migrating Monarchs. ASU - Ask A Biologist. Retrieved March 6, 2024 from https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/migrating-monarch

American Psychological Association. For more info, see http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/

Chicago Manual of Style

Tracy Fuentes. "Migrating Monarchs". ASU - Ask A Biologist. 12 August, 2009. https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/migrating-monarch

MLA 2017 Style

Tracy Fuentes. "Migrating Monarchs". ASU - Ask A Biologist. 12 Aug 2009. ASU - Ask A Biologist, Web. 6 Mar 2024. https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/migrating-monarch

Modern Language Association, 7th Ed. For more info, see http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/08/
Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus

Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus - Wikimedia

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