Jumping Genes of the Kangaroo

What's in the Story?

Kangaroos live in Australia, but may have relatives as far away as South America. Wikimedia Commons - pan bk

Marsupials such as the kangaroos, Tasmanian devils, and wallabies are just a few examples of important wildlife that live on the continent of Australia. However, they may not have always lived in Australia. In the PLOS Biology article, "Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions," scientists look at new information that suggests marsupials came to Australia all the way from South America.

Kangaroo Kin

Marsupials like kangaroos are a special type of mammal. Mother marsupials have a pouch for their babies to live in after they are born. Their babies stay in this pouch until they can survive on their own.

Something that really interests scientists about marsupials is how different species in South America and Australia are related. At the moment, little is actually known about where kangaroos originally came from, because it is often very difficult to find fossils of ancient marsupials to study and compare.

Although there are not solid answers as to how different marsupials are related, there are many scientists that are working to solve the puzzle. One of the ways that scientists can find out how species are related is by studying the animals’ genes.

A gene is a portion of DNA that has instructions that can be passed on from generation to generation and that gives animals important characteristics such as shape, eye color, or foot size. All of the genes of an animal is called its genome. Scientists study the genomes of different animals and compare similarities and differences to determine how some animals are related to others.

Jumping Genes of the Kangaroo

Scientists in Germany looked at special types of genes known as retroposons, or “jumping genes” to compare marsupials in Australia and South America. Jumping genes get their name because unlike regular genes, retroposons can "jump" around or be inserted into the genome during replication in random patterns. The patterns created by the jumping genes then get passed on to new generations. Because the “jumping gene” insertions are random, when many retroposons match between species, it is an excellent sign that the animals are probably related.

The "jumping genes" between the opossum and kangaroo are similar. The ovals represent shared gene clusters and are of the same size and color. Click to enlarge.

Scientists created the image on the right to show how the "jumping genes" of two different marsupials can be very similar. The colored ovals show how the genes between two species are alike. In the left column are genes of an opossum from South America, and the right column shows the genes of an Australian kangroo. Look back and forth between the columns line by line, and you will see how similar these genes are between the two different marsupials. This shows that even though South America and Australia are very far apart, the marsupials that live on these continents are closely related.

Australian marsupials like kangaroos came all the way from South America. The oldest marsupials are at the top of the image, and the newest marsupials are at the bottom. South American marsupials are represented by the gray lines, and Australian marsupials are the black lines. Click to enlarge.

The scientists looked at the genes from more than just opposums and kangaroos. They examined twenty different marsupial species. After all their analysis, the genes in Australian marsupials were traced all the way back to South America.

The image on the right shows how scientists figured out the way that marsupials species are related. The oldest species of marsupial are opposums, located at the very top of the image. As you work your way down the image, each species evolved more recently than the last. Australian kangaroos are at the bottom and are therefore the most recent species to evolve. Marsupials that are connected by a gray line are from South America, while marsupials connected by a black line are from Australia.

Before this study, scientists used to think marsupials came from Australia. This new data is an interesting find in a field where there is still much to be understood. The scientists believe that “jumping genes” might continue to unlock answers to important questions in animal evolution and tell us more about how different animals are related or change over time.

Additional images via Wikimedia Commons. Marsupial species plate by M.A.G. Desmarest in 1820.