Antivenin: also called antivenom, a medicine used to treat people who have been bitten or stung by a venomous animal......more
Chlorotoxin: a powerful scorpion venom that causes muscles to stop working.
Paralysis: not being able to move part or all of the body.
Protein: a type of molecule found in the cells of living things, made up of special building blocks called amino acids.
Receptor: a molecule on the surface of a cell that responds to specific molecules and receives chemical signals sent by other cells.
Venom: a toxic substance some animals use to kill prey or defend themselves.
Deathstalker scorpion by Ester Inbar, Wikimedia Commons.
The deathstalker scorpion is one of the deadliest scorpions in the world. Its tail is full of powerful venom. A deathstalker scorpion's sting is extremely painful and also causes paralysis, an inability to move or feel part of the body. The scorpion uses this venom to hunt insects such as crickets, which are its main food source.
The deathstalker scorpion catches its food by taking its prey by surprise. It hides under rocks in wait for an unsuspecting cricket or other small insect, then springs out and grabs it. Because its pincers aren't very strong, it needs to sting its prey quickly to keep it from getting away. Within moments of being stung, the cricket is paralyzed or dead, giving the scorpion plenty of time to enjoy its meal.
Let's take a closer look at muscles and how venom effects the cells in your body.
Channels on muscle cells let ions enter the cell. This controls how muscles flex and relax.
The muscles in your body are controlled by the movement of special molecules called ions. Depending on the type of ion and whether its moving in or out of muscle cells, the cells either relax or contract. One such ion is chloride, which helps muscle cells know when to relax. When all the cells in a muscle are contracted, that muscle is flexed. This makes it possible for you to move your arms, legs and other parts of your body.
Ions enter muscle cells through openings in the cell membrane called channels. These channels are made of proteins and have a specific shape that let only certain molecules or atoms pass. Chloride channels, for example, are specifically designed to only let chloride ions in and out of the cell.
Chlorotoxin blocks channels on muscle cells, which stops ions from entering.
Now that you understand how muscles work, let's take a closer look what venom does inside your cells.
Scorpion venom contains a very small protein chain called chlorotoxin, only 36 amino acids long. This tiny protein has a very powerful effect though. It is perfectly shaped to block chloride channels and stop chloride ions from entering muscle cells. Without these ions sending signals telling your cells to relax, the muscles in your body all flex at once and paralysis sets in.
A computer model of scorpion venom. The colors show the different amino acids that make up the protein molecule.
The shape of a protein is very important. This is what makes it possible for a protein to interact with other proteins and parts of the cell. It’s like having two pieces of a puzzle that fit together, or like having the right key for a certain lock. If a protein is not folded correctly, it doesn't have the right shape and doesn't fit with parts of the cells.
Scorpion chlorotoxin, for example can be folded in at least 256 different ways. Yet only one of these works correctly to block chloride channels in your muscle cells.
Scientist get samples of venom by gently squeezing a snake's jaws. This is called 'snake milking'.
In nature, animals use venom for self-defense or to catch prey. In the lab, scientists are finding out that venomous proteins can be used in medicine.
Researchers have had success, for example, in using scorpion venom to treat brain tumors in humans. Instead of causing harm to healthy nerve and muscle cells, venom such as chlorotoxin can be used to block signals from cancer cells. Blocking these signals prevents them from growing.
Scientists have also discovered ways in which the effect of paralysis can be helpful for humans. When a patient goes into surgery, for example, it's important for their body to stay very still while the doctor performs the operation. Even a tiny movement could cause a very big mistake! So, in addition to drugs that cause sleep, patients are often given drugs that cause temporary paralysis while the doctor performs the surgery.
The more we learn about proteins and their shapes, the more we understand about what might go wrong in our bodies and why. Knowing this helps researchers design better medicines and treatments.
Marcella Martos, Meredith Turnbough. (2012, April 27). Scorpion Venom. ASU - Ask A Biologist. Retrieved August 24, 2024 from https://askabiologist.asu.edu/venom/scorpion_venom
Marcella Martos, Meredith Turnbough. "Scorpion Venom". ASU - Ask A Biologist. 27 April, 2012. https://askabiologist.asu.edu/venom/scorpion_venom
Marcella Martos, Meredith Turnbough. "Scorpion Venom". ASU - Ask A Biologist. 27 Apr 2012. ASU - Ask A Biologist, Web. 24 Aug 2024. https://askabiologist.asu.edu/venom/scorpion_venom
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