All ponds
All mountain meadow ponds
Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet
Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet
don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.
have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.
have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.
have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.
Rocks and Sand
Insects and Plants
Aquatic crustaceans and insects
Fish and Frogs
High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection
Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection
There are no disadvantages
Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection
Eats other salamanders
Has larger teeth
Has a wider head and larger teeth
Has a wider head
By smell
By touch
By taste
By sight
Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.
It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.
Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.
It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.